Human papilloma virus (HPV) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Human papilloma virus (HPV) - Essay Example High-risk HPV 16 and 18 are most commonly associated with cervical, vulvar, vaginal, penile, oropharyngeal cancer and anal cancers.3 In females, cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer worldwide, and the third most common cause of mortality from cancer.2 Additionally, 80% of cases occur in developing countries.3 Although low-risk HPVs (such as type 6 and 11) are not cancerous, they can still cause benign or minimal abnormalities of cervical cells, such as skin  warts  on or around the genitals or anus, and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP).3 These figures are a global public health concern. This report addresses why HPV is a public health problem in developed countries and evaluates the policies and strategies taken to deal with HPV infection. HPV is an entirely mucosal infection and does not include a bloodstream phase. While HPV is sexually transmitted, penetrative sexual intercourse is not necessary for transmission to occur. Many researches indicate unprotected genital contact is a well-documented mode of infection, including genital–genital, oral–genital and manual–genital contact.4-6 For both genders, the infection rate is increased soon after becoming sexually active. Indeed, half of sexually active men and women are infected with several HPV types at any point in their lives, and some may be repeatedly infected. In 2011, Hariri et al. (2011) conducted a nationwide population-based study in the US to investigate the prevalence of both high/low-risk HPV in 14–59 year old females during 2003–2006.7 They found the overall prevalence of high- and low-risk HPV was 43% among 14-59 year old women. They also found those aged 20-24 years are more likely to be affected by high-risk HPV, and the risk decreases with age. Recent figures show almost 7% of adults are infected by oral HPV during their lifetime.8,9 Gillison et al. (2012) conducted a cross-sectional study in

Cultural Activity Report Guide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Activity Report Guide - Essay Example I do not to know what to think. One thing is for sure, the United States comprises many ethnic groups, cultures and races. How the Latino fits into the American society, is still in a process of evolution. I attended the event. Electric energy: Am attracted to the people who smile and enjoy themselves. The music was passionate and live. I could not resist moving to the rhythm of the salsa music, even though it is not my kind of music. I actually love rock music instead. There was smell and taste of delicious ethnic foods from all over central and Latin America. I also observed dancing children. Although I did not expect it, I felt like I was fitting. It was a visual feast. There were colorful booths, ethnic costumes, colorful people and different races. I felt a sense of ethnic pride and richness from the people. There was a lot of joy from the music as people were having fun. The atmosphere looked easy and there was a sense of belonging. It was a great time to meet new friends and to socialize. Sight: I could see happy people dancing. Moreover, I saw colorful booths and a salsa band by the name, Julio Bravo orchestra. This happened to be the headliner band in the cultural event. I saw community and professional groups showcasing the Latin dance and ballet folkloric. I could also see ethnic costumes, different races, children who were dancing and people who were

Nutrition Essay Essay Example for Free

Nutrition Essay Essay I certify that this assessment is the result of my own work and quotations and sources of information have been duly acknowledged in the text. This work has not been submitted for any previous award. In this assignment the author will be comparing the components of a balanced diet for babies, children and young people, this will cover what is important when looking at sources and components of food groups and what children need in order to achieve optimum health. Another aspect of this nutrition assignment will be to discuss the short and long term health benefits of optimum nutrition and to explore the factors affecting nutrition in children and young people. Finally the author will be demonstrating consequences of inadequate nutrition and poor health that some children experience. Stated by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2008) when a women is conceiving a child there are things that should be avoided, things that should be changed and some things that should be taking into consideration and if carried out correctly it will benefit the mother and her unborn child. NICE (2008) propose that there are five main things to consider whilst you are pregnant, they include a ‘healthy start, training, vitamin D, breastfeeding and folic acid, all of which are very important when a mother is planning for the birth of her child. Healthy start (n.d) indicate that they are a programme designed by the government to ensure  mothers on a low income will receive the best possible resources for her and her children, healthy start provide vouchers which can be used for cow’s milk, infant formula, fruit and vegetables and also vitamins. Training may include attending antenatal clinics and attending appointments with a midwife so that things can be planned in advance and so that the mother can speak to a professional about any concerns. (NICE 2008). Mothers should be educated on the importance of vitamin D, the consequences of vitamin D deficiency and how it will benefit her and her unborn child, according to NICE (2008) vitamin D supplements can be provided by healthy start coupons. NICE also consider that maternal women should be educated on the benefits of breastfeeding and recommend that women should attend breastfeeding support groups to ensure they know everything they need to about the nutritional substance they can give their child. The final key priority which is folic acid should be taken whilst pregnant as it will minimise the chances of birth defects such as spina bifida (The National Health Service 2012). When focusing on babies we need to think about what is important from the day they are born, and due to the fact that babies receive all their nutrition from one source either breast milk or formula milk it is ‘imperative that the right kinds of nutrients at the right levels are present in that source’ (Infant Feeding and Nutrition N.D). Breast milk is the preferred feeding method for babies according to Bonnie and Rodwell (2000), although they consider that if breast milk is not available cow’s milk- based formula should be given to the baby for the first twelve months of life. The American Academy of Paediatrics (2012, cited in American Pregnancy Association, 2014) strongly recommend breastfeeding for the first six months and that it is continued for at least twelve months. When focusing on the components of breast milk and the nutrients it provides for the baby the American Pregnancy Association (2014) claims that breast milk contains proteins essential for easy digestion and which are great for infection protection. From tables and evidence found about the Recommended Dietary Allowances for Infants and Children the author can see that at 0-5 months a baby will need the most protein at this age than any other age. More specific proteins that are found in breast milk are Lactoferrin’s which restrain the growth of iron- dependant bacteria, breast milk also contains Lysozymes which protect against E.coli and salmonella (APA 2014). Larger components of breast milk according to APA (2014) are fats essential for ‘brain development, absorption of fat- soluble vitamins and is the primary calorie source for a baby. Breast milk also satisfies the baby’s requirements of a range of vitamins and carbohydrates which help battle diseases and enhance the growth of healthy bacteria in the stomach (APA 2014). For parents choosing not to breastfeed or for those who cannot breastfeed the best alternative supplement is commercially prepared, iron-fortified infant formula and just like breast milk, ‘formula provides the correct nutrients at appropriate levels necessary for a baby to sustain a rapid rate of growth and development, and will not stress the infants delicate and developing orga n systems’ (Infant Feeding and Nutrition N.D). Also evident from the tables and evidence found is that children’s recommended fluid intake reduces as when infants grow they start to eat more solid foods rather than just breast milk or formula. Around six months of age the Baby Centre (2014) propose that an infant can be introduced to different foods such as pureed sweet potatoes, squash, apples and bananas and although they cannot have much of these food just yet it will prepare the baby for when they will be eating much more solid food around the age of 8- 10 months (Baby Centre 2014). As children age their diet will have also changed over the years, it will have gone from being very high in fat to much lower in fat and higher in fibre and should be focused on natural, fresh sources of energy and nutrients (Tidy 2013). Children around the age of 4- 6 will need foods high in energy and foods containing high vitamins and minerals due to them being very active at this age (Tidy 2013). Children at this age also need small frequent meals as their stomachs are not able to cope with large meals at a time suggested by Tidy (2013), he also indicates that foods high in sugar such as fizzy drinks should be avoided due to the damage on their teeth, it can cause diarrhoea and can leave children feeling full meaning they may reject their dinner leading to an unbalanced diet. At 6- 10 years children are still growing rapidly and their body will becoming even more mature and changing, dietary needs may not vary much from the previous age range although more low fat dairy products should be consumed rather than full fat which are needed during infancy according to the NHS (2013), children at the lower end of this age range are recommended to consume between 1520kcal to 1649kcal and children at the higher end of this age range are recommended to consume between 1963kcal to 2032kcal, these figures also according to the NHS (2013) depend on gender and how much physical activity children are carrying out on a daily basis. Young children around 10-12 will start to learn more academic skills whilst at school and because of this it is essential for children to receive a balanced diet in order to function at optimum level and to be able to concentrate well (Build Healthy Kids 2011). Build Healthy Kids (2011) also take the view that five fruit and vegetables a day is essential in this age range in order to gain the recommended amount of vitamins and minerals. Children are also still growing physically and mentally at this age and therefore it is important that children are receiving their intake of calcium which will help growth and development of bones and also help children’s teeth to stay healthy, if a child’s intake of calcium ‘before the age of twenty was inadequate, they run the risk of forming softer and more brittle bones which puts them at risk for fractures and osteoporosis later in life, especially for girls’ (Build Healthy Kids 2011). From the research and evidence fo und from Build Healthy Kids (2011) the author found that from birth to twelve months no dairy products are recommended, from 1-2 years whole milk at 2 servings a day is recommended which is then increased at 9- 18 years to 4 servings a day of low or non- fat dairy products. For children and young people it is paramount that they are eating the correctly to ensure they are growing and developing at the correct rate and so they can establish a good eating pattern for later life (Cenovis 2012). There are many guides and recommendations for what children should be eating however the eatwell plate is a very good example and is something that children can learn from, the eatwell plate highlights the foods and amounts that will ensure we are eating a balanced diet (NHS 2013). This section of the assignment will look at the short and long term benefits of optimum health for children and young people. The World Health Organisation (WHO) (2000) propose that the first 2-3 years of a child’s life is very important when it comes to physical and mental development and therefore gaining optimum nutrition in childhood will have many short and long term benefits. As covered above babies will gain essential proteins, fats and the majority of their calorie intake from either breast milk or formula, therefore a baby will also gain a short term health benefit of having a lower risk of sudden infant death syndrome according to Newson (2013), they state that this factor is less common in babies gaining the essential nutrients from breast milk and although this is not fully explained it is believed that due to the anti- bodies breast milk provides babies are more protected again the fatal syndrome. Another short term health benefit of breast fed babies observed by Newson (2013) are that babies are less likely to become constipated and will gain help with the passage of a baby’s first stools which can be very painful, they are called ‘meconium and are sticky, black and like tar’. Long term benefits proposed by Newson (2013) are that health problems in later life are less common in those who had been breastfed rather than those who had not, health problems such as obesity, high blood pressure and eczema have been proven to be less likely in those who received the nutrients from their mother. An emotional bond may also be seen as a long term health benefit which can be gained from breastfeeding, a mother and baby attachment in early infancy could lead to more well-rounded individuals in the future and evidence suggests that breastfed people are less likely to develop mental health issues such as anxiety or depression (Mitchell- Askar 2011). The NHS (2013) indicate that when children are able to move on from breast milk they will start to receive their essential nutrients from other food sources a little at a time, the process of weaning begins when children are around 6 months old. The NHS (2013) recommend that breastfeeding alongside solid food will continue to protect a baby against infection and will still  provide babies with the essential antibodies. When moving from small finger food and pureed food, according to Nutritionist Resources (n.d) children around 2 years can start to eat meals which will provide them with their essential daily needs. The Nutritionist Resources (n.d) also give recommendations on the five main food groups which need to be incorporated within a child’s diet and the health benefits which can be gained from consuming the correct kinds of food at the correct levels. Research into healthy eating show that children who have had a good start with nutrition will lead a good pathway in later life when it comes to staying on the right path and choosing foods that will be more beneficial for them (Nutritionist Resources n.d). A good start with eating correctly and regular activity could benefit children to develop strong bones, maintain a healthy weight and also concentrate well whilst in school and on a long- term basis healthy eating could help lower the risk of certain health implications such as stroke, joint problems and being overweight or obese (Nutritionist Resources n.d). Although healthy eating comes with many benefits there are also factors that can affect the maintenance of adequate nutrition for children and young people and if children develop unhealthy lifestyles from a young age they run the risk of health problems in adulthood (Warner 2011). Birch (1998) takes the view that almost all food preferences are learned through early experiences of eating and that children will become familiar with foods they like such as sweet tastes and reject sour and bitter foods. From experience children may have tried a food they disliked or had a bad experience and will then psychologically dislike the food in later life, it may also be the case that if a child has be forced to eat certain foods such as fruit and vegetables they will refuse to eat them when they have the power to choose what they eat, this could then lead to serious deficiencies if they are not receiving the vital vitamins and minerals their body needs to function (Birch 1998). Birch also stated that children’s preferences are formed by the quality of experiences children have with food and as a result ‘the physiological consequences of ingestion, children come to accept some foods and reject others, shaping their dietary intake’. As well as psychological factors affecting the maintenance of adequate nutrition for children and young people, there are also the socioeconomic factors which may hinder a child’s nutrition and impact a child’s nutritional status (Ricketts n.d). Socioeconomic factors such as income, environment and education may have an impact on how some children eat, for example if a child was living in poverty they may not have access to fresh nutritional food and therefore they may only have access to more fatty foods such as ready meals which may be more affordable for a family on a low income (Ricketts n.d). Ricketts also considers that environmental factors could be the physical proximity to healthy foods and supermarkets, as those who have access to supermarkets have a higher consumption of fruit and vegetables and those who don’t have a lower intake of these foods. The government recommend that children should eat five fruit and vegetables daily as part of a balanced diet and to ensure we a protected against illnesses, one portion being the palm of the child’s hand (NHS 2013), however new research carried out has suggested five a day is not enough and we should be receiving at least 7 portions a day which will be additionally beneficial (Stephens 2014). If this evidence shows 5 portions a day is not enough the children who cannot access even 1 portion a day may have serious health problems and suffer from things such as vitamin and mineral deficiency, digestive issues, cardiovascular problems and weight problems (Annigan n.d). One of the final factors that can effect child nutrition is political factors, the NHS spend around 16 million pounds a year on people who are too obese to leave there home (Gayle 2012). According to the Department of Health (DH) (2008) the government have also spent 372 million pounds over three years on creating healthy schools, workplaces and towns. However the government are still allowing fast food industries to open and to advertise around the country, ‘The government spends  £14m a year on the social marketing programme Change4Life. The food industry spends more than 1 billion pound a year on marketing in the UK’ (Izzo 2014). Sifferlin 2013 stated that when research was conducted on food markets and their advertisements 99% of them were aired nationally on children’s TV channels such as Cartoon Network. They also caught children’s attention with a free toy giveaway to promote their product (Sifferlin 2013). There are no law’s  on how old a child needs to be to buy any fast food such as McDonalds or Burger King and therefore if children have easy access to these food chains and restaurants they will continue to consume the foods that will have detrimental effects on their health (Izzo 2014). Gianni (2013) strongly believe that fast food is causing many short and long term health problems for children including obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure, all of which are serious and are having a huge impact on the NHS. Being able to maintain adequate nutrition in children will be very difficult if parents and the government are allowing young children to purchase foods that will increase their chances of developing obesity, children may also think that it is normal to do so in later life if they have children and therefore a circle that is hard to break will form (Izzo 2014). For the final part of this assignment the author will discuss the common signs and symptoms a child may experience due to a poor diet or malnourishment. The NHS (2013) define malnourishment as a ‘serious condition in which a person’s diet does not contain the correct amount of nutrients’. There are two types of malnourishment, they include under nutrition when a person is not receiving enough nutrients and is underweight and over nutrition when a person is receiving too many nutrients and is therefore overweight (NHS 2013). The NHS (2013) claim that children who are malnourished may not be able to grow at the expected rate including both height and weight. At the age of 4 children are at a very important age range, they are growing at a rapid pace, they are starting to learn more academically as they will start at school and they will also create habits and traits which they will take into adulthood (Rochman 2011). Johnston (2009) observes that if a child was to have poor nutrition at the age of 4 they have a much higher risk of developing physical, intellectual, emotional and social problems, physical problems could include obesity, delayed growth and also developing motor skills at a slower rate. Intellectually, Johnston (2009) suggests that if children are consuming the incorrect amount of nutrients it will have harmful effects on the brain and children can lead poor intellectual development and hinder learning whilst at school. Gallahue and Ozmun (2006 cited in Johnston 2009) implies that if children experience inadequate nutrition or malnutrition during the first four years of their  life they will never recover the growth miles tones for their age range and they will never catch up in mental and physical development. Over all a balanced diet needs to start when a women becomes pregnant, and continue throughout childhood and adulthood to avoid the consequences that come with a poor diet. And although some bad habits maybe present in a child’s diet, as long as children are led the right way and educated on the nutrition they need they will significantly reduce the chances of many diseases and illnesses (British Heart Foundation 2014). Children on the correct eating path will benefit from optimum health and may also avoid the factors effecting healthy eating such as psychological or political problems. Finally the importance of educating children and ensuring they understand how to eat correctly may minimize the chances of them experiencing the sever symptoms of malnourishment or poor nutrition. References AMERICAN PREGNANCY ASSOCIATION, 2014. What is Breast Milk [Online]. Available from: http://americanpregnancy.org/first-year-of-life/whats-in-breastmilk/ [Accessed 10 November 2014]. ANNIGAN, J., N.D. consequences of not eating fruit and vegetables [Online]. Available from: http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/consequences-not-eating-fruits-vegetables-6202.html [Accessed 13 December 2014]. BABY CENTRE EXPERT ADVISE, 2014. Age-by-age guide to feeding your baby [Online]. Available from: http://www.babycenter.com/0_age-by-age-guide-to-feeding-your-baby_1400680.bc?page=2#articlesection3 [Accessed 11 November 2014]. BIRCH, L. L., 1998. Psychological Influences on Childhood the Diet [Online]. Available from: http://jn.nutrition.org/content/128/2/407S.long [Accessed 13 December 2014]. BUILD HEALTHY KIDS, 2011. Daily Nutrition Guide [Online]. Available from: http://www.buildhealthykids.com/dailynutrition.html [Accessed 11 November 2014]. CENOVIS, 2012. The Importance of a balanced diet for Children [Online]. Available from: http://cenovis.com.au/the-importance-of-a-balanced-diet-for-children/ [Accessed 13 December 2014]. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, 2008. Help Stop Childhood Obesity Before it Starts [Online]. Available from: www.nhs.uk/Change4Life/supporter/Help_stop_childhood_obesity [Accessed 13 December 2014]. GAYLE, D., 2012. Britains obesity crisis: NHS spending  £16m a year on 200 who are too fat to leave home. Mail Online [Online]. 30 May. Available from: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-2151962/Britains-obesity-crisis-NHS-spending-16m-year-200-fat-leave-home.html [Accessed 13 December 2014]. GIANNI, K., 2013. How Junk Food is Hurting Our Kids [Online]. Available from: http://renegadehealth.com/blog/2013/02/06/how-junk-food-is-hurting-our-kids-and-18-ways-to-wean-yours-off-it [Accessed 13 December 2014]. HEALTHY START NHS, N.D. Healthy Start helps you give your family the very best start in life [Online]. Available from: http://www.healthystart.nhs.uk/healthy-start-vouchers/ [Accessed 2 December 2014]. INFANT FEEDING SND NUTRITION, N.D. Nutritional Requirements [Online]. Available from: http://www.infantformula.org/for-parents/infant-feeding-nutrition [Accessed 10 November 2014]. IZZO, H., 2014. Why Wont he Government Stop Fast Food Companies Poisoning Our Children? [Online]. Available from: http://sabotagetimes.com/life/why-wont-the-government-stop-fast-food-companies-poisoning-our-children/ [Accessed 13 December 2014]. JOHNSTON, J. and VILLIAMS, L. M., 2009. Early Childhood Studies. Spain: Pearson. MITCHELL- ASKAR, K., 2011. The link between breastfeeding and mental health. [Online]. Available from: http://theattachedfamily.com/?p=2774 [Accessed 28 November 2014]. NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE CHOICES: YOUR HEALTH, YOUR CHOICES, 5 a day portion sizes [Online]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/5ADAY/Pages/Portionsizes.aspx [Accessed 13 December 2014]. NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE CHOICES: YOUR HEALTH, YOUR CHOICES, 2013. How many calories does a child of 7- 10 need? [Online]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/how-many-calories-do-children-need.aspx?CategoryID=51 [Accessed 28 November 2014]. NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE CHOICES: YOUR HEALTH, YOUR CHOICES, 2013. Malnutrition [Online]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Malnutrition/Pages/Symptoms.aspx [Accessed 15 December 2014]. NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH AND CARE EXCELLENCE (NICE), 2008. Maternal and child nutrition [Online]. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph11/chapter/introduction [Accessed 2 December 2014]. NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE CHOICES: YOUR HEALTH, YOUR CHOICES, 2013. The Eatwell Plate [Online]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/LiveWell/goodfood/Pages/eatwell-plate.aspx [Accessed 13 December 2014]. NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE CHOICES: YOUR HEALTH, YOUR CHOICES, 2012. Vitamins and Nutrition When Pregnant [Online]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/vitamins-minerals-supplements-pregnant.aspx#close [Accessed 2 December 2014]. NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE CHOICES: YOUR HEALTH, YOUR CHOICES, 2013. When should I start giving my baby solids (weaning)? [Online]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/chq/pages/812.aspx?categoryid=62 [Accessed 2 December 2014]. NEWSON, L., 2013. Breastfeeding [Online]. Available from: http://www.patient.co.uk/health/breast-feeding [Accessed 28 November 2014]. NUTRITIONALIST RESOURCES, N.D. Healthy Eating for Kids [Online]. Available from: http://www.nutritionist-resource.org.uk/content/healthy-eating-for-kids.html#healthymealsforkids [Accessed 2 December 2014]. RICKETTS, D., N.D. Socioeconomic Factors of Childhood Nutrition [Online]. Available from: http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/socioeconomic-factors-childhood-nutrition-9453.html [Accessed 13 December 2014]. ROCHMAN, B., 2011. Our Fattening Habits May Be Set in Childhood [Online]. Available from: http://healthland.time.com/2011/12/15/how-to-prevent-obesity-start-in-childhood/ [Accessed 15 December 2014]. SIFFERLIN, A., 2013. Forget the Food: Fast Food Ads Aimed at Kids Feature Lots of Giveaways. Time [Online]. 29 August. Available from: http://healthland.time.com/2013/08/29/forget-the-food-fast-food-ads-aimed-at-kids-feature-lots-of-giveaways/ [Accessed 13 December 2014]. STEPHENS, P., 2014. How Much Fruit and Vegetables Should we Eat? [Online]. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-26818386 [Accessed 13 December 2014].

Analyse The Assumptions Made By Liberalism And Realism Politics Essay

Analyse The Assumptions Made By Liberalism And Realism Politics Essay Liberalism assumes instead portraying lust of power as the international conflict liberalism fights for the basic rights of the people. It insists on pursuing the political reforms establish democracies. It emphasizes on the value of the free trade on the basis that it will help in preventing the conflicts between nations as it reduces the national selfishness and enhances the communication. Liberalism advocated the formation of the global institutions such as the United Nations which sees any threat to any individual nation as a threat to everyone. The institutions help in resolving the conflicts by mediating the conflicts in the event of any misunderstanding. Basically liberals assume that states will act in a rational manner and they are a unitary actor. The liberalists fell into three different groups as classified by the realists: The first group advocated league of the nations was formed with the objective to consider the attack on the nation as an attack on all. The second group formed the Permanent Court of International Justice that would lead to formation of judicial body capable of issuing justices to the disputes. The third group sort to avoid war by advocating Disarmament in  [1]  order to reduce the international tension1. The League of Nations failed to take appropriate action against the Japan or Italy for invasion, PCIJ failed as the major disputed were rarely submitted and the Geneva Disarmament Conference resulted in failure1. Realism (discussed later in the paper) failed to explain complex interdependence of the transnational relations. As a result various types of the international regimes were formed to govern the behaviour of different international issues that resulted in higher interdependence and lead to even higher co-operation (Neo-Liberalism). Often Realists argue that Liberalism prime focus was not providing the national security rather then playing with the low politics (such as in the area of finance, environment). The critics believe the global institutions often fail to provide the appropriate response for the aggression1. Realism Assumptions: Realism assumes the state as the ultimate power that is not answerable to any body; it can resolve the critical issues itself. The realists often believe that world politics is a zero-sum game; what ever is gained by one competitor is lost by the other. The realists portrays the international politics is the struggle among the states to dominate others by the gain of power, what ever actions are required to achieve the national interest they must be taken at any costs. The best way to maintain the peace is to be powerful. The states should increase its military power and align with the powerful states in order to counter any threat, to promote is national interest or to maintain balance of the power among the states. To the realists the economic power is less important then the military power. They believe that under the international anarchy the state should depend on itself to provide the security and wellbeing (Realpolitik) 1 and should never under estimate the power of the rival (that is it will cooperate easily). Realists dont consider the decision making as a social work and they ignore ones interest. The great rivalry between US and USSR to struggle for the hegemony is supported by the realist thought. Realism doesnt allow the ethical considerations to influence the decision making process. The realists evaluate the choices available for decision after considering the results of the action taken. Realists sometimes fail to explain the reasons for its own action taken for the national interest. The leaders were unable to justify that Vietnam War served the Americas National Interest. How do these two schools of thought (Liberalism and Realism) differ? The following points highlight the key difference between the realism and liberalism: Human Nature: The realists are believers of the pessimistic view that politics at the global level is driven by the self interest of individual nation, each nation should rely on itself for the national defence and well being 1 . It should make decision to satisfy the national interest. Where as the liberalism has the optimistic view that foreign policy decisions should be based upon the mutual interests of the people and can be achieved with the help of the international organizations1. Concepts: The realists portray the international politics is the struggle among the states to dominate others by the gain of power, what ever actions are required to achieve the national interest (that can be with the military influence). While according to the liberal theory explains that International Relations can be improved by the model of complex interdependence that can result in larger cooperation. The complex interdependence explains that the state is not the most important actor, the foreign policy decisions should not be made on the basis of the military power. The complex interdependence theory focuses that growing ties (that can be either a result of the trade between two nations) between two nations can make them exposed to each others activities and sensitive about their needs 1. Zero Sum Game: The realists consider politics as the Zero-Sum game (what ever is gained by one competitor is lost by the other; one nation can easily betray other) 1. Liberals dont consider politics as the zero sum game, instead of following the military methods they have the reliance upon the judicial methods to tackle the disputes. International System: Realism assumes that International System is anarchic that forces the leaders of the different nation to pursue self help principle (In the international anarchic system the nations must depend on themselves for their national defence and well being) 1. It assumes that chances of co-operation on the global level are very rare on critical issues. Even if there is co-operation then it can result in the relative gains (One participant benefits more then the other in joint effort). While in Liberalism the International system is struggling to be more peaceful. Liberals stress on the role of inter-governmental organizations in the endorsement of cooperation. Main Cause of Conflict: Basically Classical Realists believe the lust of the power to dominate others leads to the conflicts between two nations and ends in enmity while the neo-realists claim that cause of the conflicts is the anarchic international system1; each state should rely on its own abilities to survive. Where as Liberals believe in that realpolitik results in the conflicts. Also the conflicts are caused due to lack of the international laws to regulate competition (example arms race) between nations1. Best path to peace: Realists state that peace can be achieved by the balance of power if all states seek to increase their power preventing without being dependent on any other nation while Liberalism assumes that best path to peace can be achieved through co-operation through inter-governmental organizations such as United Nations. IGO such as UN help in mediate the conflicts between two nations in the event of any misconception. Also liberalism emphasizes on the value of the free trade on the basis that it will help in preventing the conflicts between nations as it reduces selfishness and results in effective communication. Organizations: Realism assumes the state as the supreme power that is not answerable to any body (for its internal affairs); it can resolve the critical issues on its own, without any external interference while liberalism emphasizes on the IGOs (Intergovernmental Organizations) in mediating the conflicts in the event of any misconception. Morality: Under realism the nations national interest is the prime objective. Classic Realists are the firm believers that the Leaders of the nation can often choose the wrong decision while the foreign policy making process if they allow morality to preside over the policy making process, they believe that the country should always follow the dictation of the power. Realists complaint against liberalism of its tendency to turn foreign policy in the moral crusade1. While liberalists advocate the importance of the people in the decision making process, the power of the ideas can influence many critical decisions. In your opinion, which one most accurately described the world during the Cold War era? Realism during Cold War: In my opinion, Realism most accurately explains the world during the cold war era. Realism accounts that the cold war was a consequence of the narrowing of the military capabilities of the great power rivals United States of America and Union of Soviet Socialists Republics that resulted in the hegemonic struggle between them. Both of the countries struggled for the establishment of the spheres of influence around the world. After the end of the Second World War, the global politics were dominated by United States of America (Unipolarity) as it possessed an atomic bomb while its rival (USSR) didnt. Truman Doctrine and Containment: The great rivalry between two nations started with the George F Keenans long telegraph to President Harry S Truman stating that America needs to assess the post war policy as the soviets had a feeling of insecurity to maintain power. The measures taken by USSR to strengthen their spheres of dominance ended up in the policy of the Truman Doctrine and Containment. Truman Doctrine stated that US will provide the military support to all its allies in the event of any communist expansion while the strategy of Containment stated the appropriate measures to be taken to against USSR to prevent its expansion or communist influence by using the threat of a possible attack by US1. Zero Sum Game: The race of the arms or the cold war started with USSRs accumulation of the atomic bomb that took USs Unipolarity away and ended up in Bipolarity. Soon started the nuclear arms race between Soviet Union and America and they started looking at each with a watchful suspicion. US pursued the Realist Principle of Zero Sum Game; the loss from one side is the gain to other in cooperation while USSR followed the balance of the power realist principle. Bipolar Nature and Nuclear Weapons: Many Realists attributes the absence of war to the bi-polar nature of the postwar global system which is less war-prone then the multi-polar system during the world-war 2. In the multi-power global system the states often underestimate the comparative power of the opponent. Some realists also concluded that nuclear weapons had played a significant role in the preservation of the peace during the cold 1. National Interest: Under the realism the state was the most important actor and nations interest was the top priority. When the Soviet invaded Afghanistan, US President Jimmy Carter came up with Carter Doctrine under which America will use its military forces in order to protect its oil supplies from the gulf (which was nations top interest) 1. Also as per Reagan Doctrine, US provided support to the insurgents to overthrow the soviet supported governments in countries like Afghanistan (US supported AL-QAEDA). Power Politics: In the late 1980s the Soviet Policies can be seen as realistic theories, Moscow tried to increase its influence on the third world and it tried to suppress the rebellions against the government in Germany, Czechoslovakia and Poland. Military Power vs. Economic Power: As per the realist assumption, to USSR economic power was less important then military power, this resulted in the destruction of the soviet economy because of its long pursuit to seek balance of power. During the cold the Soviet Union was involved in the constant production of the arms to increase its military power to boost national security in the even of an attack from America. Brezhnev was to slow to identify the countrys economic problem and was reluctant to take necessary measure to tackle it1. Out of Liberalism and Realism which one most accurately describes the world we live in today? Liberalism in present life: Liberalism most accurately defines the world that we live in today. Liberalism has the belief that change in the global politics can be engineered by human choices. The idea for the liberalism started in the 19th century in Europe then it spread slowly and steadily across the world that we live in today. The USSR dissolution in 1991 was due to the influence of the liberal ideas by Mikhail Gorbachev. Liberalism advocates the free trade between nations which further results in the complex interdependence. United States is a liberal country, founded on the basis of free market and morality. Liberalism advocated the formation of the global institutions/ inter-governmental organizations such as the United Nations, International Criminal Court which sees any threat to any individual nation as a threat to everyone. The institutions help in resolving the conflicts by mediating the conflicts in the event of any misunderstanding. IGO such as United Nations have driv en community of the peace loving countries. Countries can collectively response through the multi lateral actions to tackle any tough situation. Trade: The liberal theory emphasizes on the trade thus helps in preventing disputes from escalating to the wars, increase inter-dependence and it increases the communication between two countries thus reducing the misconceptions (if any). The commercial liberalism (which advocates the free markets principles) has resulted in Liberal International Economic Order between the regimes. Many new trade agreements like NAFTA, FTAA, ASEAN, EU (under the liberalising rules of the World Trade Organization) have resulted in many positive have resulted in making the world more globalized. Trade had helped in improving the economic condition of the global south countries thus leading the path to democracy. As a result of trade, global souths share in export products has grown from 10% in 1980 to 30 % in 20081. Multi-National Corporations Foreign Direct Investments: The political economy is shaped by the globalization of the production, the Multi-National Corporations (MNC) assist in the globalization of the production. The MNCs have resulted in the foreign direct investments (FDI) in the developing global south countries. In 2007, the FDI were around 30% to the global south by MNCs 1. International Law: Today the international law (UN) has started reviving its policies for the military intervention that it has the right to stop human genocide, suffering or the ethnic cleansing. It has resulted in the collapse of the old Treaty of Westphalia that no one can hinder in states internal affairs. Like the example of the rising terrorism in countries like Pakistan, Afghanistan has pushed international law to rewrite international to permit the intervention in these countries providing a safe place for terrorist deeds. Many realists have tied up with the liberals in categorizing Iraq war in 2003 was an unneccary war1. International Criminal Court: To protect the human rights the International Criminal Court (ICC) was launched in 2002 as a watch dog on the human genocides or crimes. In many cases the ICC has pursued when States own court are unable to. The ICC indicted Sudanese President Omar- al- Bashir for his role in human genocide in Sudan1. Also the ICC tries its best to prevent the war by mediating between two states. ICC issues the sanctions against a country who tries to break the law (such as acts against humanity). In the event the sanctions fail to work then ICC is left with using the aggressive means (war). Arms Reductions: As per the realist theory the war is necessary to achieve the peace, the realists sought to increase the military power while liberal thought predict the more armed the state, it is more vulnerable to the war. The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty of 2002 has resulted in the nuclear arsenal of Russia and America by ninety percent. In 2005 the 189 countries have signed Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty and 46 countries signed International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation to take new initiatives for nuclear arm control1.

Signs of Stress :: essays research papers

"Forty-three percent of all adults suffer adverse health effects from stress; 75 to 90 percent of all physician office visits are for stress-related ailments and complaints; stress is linked to the six leading causes of death--heart disease, cancer, lung ailments, accidents, cirrhosis of the liver, and suicide." (Miller, 1993, p.12) "Stress plays havoc with our health, our productivity, our pocketbooks, and our lives, but it is necessary, even desirable." (Oxford, 1998, p.29) In researching stress, one would learn about what stress is, the early warning signs of stress, the different types of stress, and how to build resistance to it. Stress is a combination of physical, mental, and emotional feelings that result from pressure, worry, and anxiety. These pressures are called stressors. Some examples of common stressors are; divorce, death in the family, job change, pregnancy, a large mortgage, marriage, and retirement. "In medicine, stress is, a physical, chemical, or emotional development that causes strains that can lead to physical illness." (Microsoft Encarta) The early warning signs of stress include apathy, anxiety, irritability, mental fatigue, and overcompensation or denial. Some signs of apathy are feelings of sadness or recreation that isn’t fun any more. Feelings of restlessness, agitation, insecurity and a sense of worthlessness are examples of anxiety. Signs of irritability are feeling hypersensitive, defensive, and arrogant. Feeling argumentative, rebellious, or angry are also signs of irritability. Examples of mental fatigue are feeling preoccupied, having difficulty concentrating, and trouble thinking flexibly. Working too hard, denying that there are problems, ignoring symptoms, and feeling suspicious are all signs of overcompensation or denial. Some behavioral signs of stress are avoiding things, doing things to extremes, administrative problems, and legal problems. Avoiding things includes keeping to one’s self, avoiding work, having trouble accepting responsibility, and neglecting responsibility. Examples of doing things to extremes are alcoholism, gambling, spending sprees, and sexual promiscuity. Some administrative problems are being late to work, poor appearance, poor personal hygiene, and being accident prone. Possible legal problems are indebtedness, shoplifting, traffic tickets, and an inability to control violent impulses. Some physical signs of stress include excessive worrying about illness, frequent illness, and physical exhaustion. Reliance on medication including remedies like aspirin is a physical sign of stress. Ailments such as insomnia, appetite changes, and weight gain or loss are also physical signs of stress. Indigestion, nausea, and nervous diarrhea, are also physical signs, as well as, constipation, and sexual problems. Stress can be confusing. There are some myths surrounding stress. Here are a few of them. One myth is that stress is the same for everybody. This is not true. What is stressful for one person, may or may not be stressful for another; each person responds to stress in a different way.

Essay on the Test of Faith in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown

Young Goodman Brown:Â   A Test of Faith The story Young Goodman Brown is about a man and his faith in himself, his wife, and the community they reside in. Goodman Brown must venture on a journey into the local forest, refuse the temptations of the devil, and return to the village before sunrise. The time era is approximately a generation after the time of the witch trials. Goodman Brown's struggle between good and evil is a struggle he does not think he can face. He reiterates his false confidence to himself repeatedly. Goodman knows what he must do but dreads the deed. Upon entering the forest he is suspicious of every rock and tree, thinking something evil will jump out at him. When he finally does meet someone on the trail, who appears to be of evil origin, he feels confident that he can refuse any temptations. This evil person makes several advances and Goodman refuses. This makes Goodman feel strong until they meet his childhood catechism teacher and see her turned. This act deters his confidence to a great degree. He continues down the trail looking for hope in the heavens but hears onl... ...community. Although these career driven people do not have a book to guide their path, they pursue it none the less. Some of these people have lost, or never had the belief, of reaching heaven, or even its existence. These people are the peers of the believers and set the rules or guidelines for career goals. So in effect the status in the community is a way of saying they are better. The people who do not believe in any god-like being fight in an effort to make their mark on the world, for this is the only they can be recognized or remembered. Â  

Native American/European Slave Trade Essay

A North American conception of slavery often begins and ends with the forced captivity of Africans. However, slave trading took root in many parts of the world over centuries. In particular, the eras of exploration and colonialism brought the institution of slavery to the forefront of world culture. As Europeans arrived in the Americas in increasing numbers, they found themselves sharing one surprising commonality with their Native American adversaries: the use of human captives for personal and cultural advantage. Brett Rushforth’s â€Å"A little flesh we offer you: the origins of Indian slavery in New France† and James Brooks’ â€Å"This evil extends especially†¦ to the feminine sex† examine the Euro-Native slave trade within the context of two vastly different colonial cultures, Canada (New France) and New Mexico. What common features united these two institutions, and what features differed them? Further, what social and historical factors account for those similarities and differences? Foremost, the New France and New Mexican institutions shared a general outcome in their slave trades: â€Å"cross-cultural negotiation† (Brooks, 281) and the creation of â€Å"mutually intelligible symbols through which cultural values, interests and needs could be defined† (Brooks 281). Indian tribes occupying New France territories (such as the Iroquois and the Ottawa) held a long tradition of utilizing captives as symbolic forces of peace. Warring tribes would offer captured humans as a show of good faith toward their adversaries. The captives served numerous roles: replacing fallen tribesmen (in everything from name to manner), representing retribution for injured tribes, stimulating population growth, and— most importantly—securing alliances with other tribes. When European colonialists arrived seeking Native American trade and military assistance, the New France tribes considered captive offerings to be the ultimate sign of respect and comrade-ship in dealing with their new visitors. In fact, one Sioux chief pronounced the following after offering his European visitors a captive slave: â€Å"No longer regard us as Sioux, but as Frenchmen† (Rushforth, 789). Once the French realized the power of slaves in fostering alliances with the natives, they were able to build some formidable allegiances. Likewise, New Mexican Europeans created strong bonds with local Pueblo, Navajo, and Apache tribes through captive trading. Captive Spaniards and Indians often performed important social functions within their new homes. (Women were the ideal captive candidates for both New Mexico and New France, due to their reproductive capacities). Standard-bearers such as Maria Rosa Villalpando and Juana Hurtado Galvan demonstrated the importance of the captive within New Mexican culture. Both women served as interpreters and emissaries amongst their former and current tribes, and both secured prominent positions within their captive homes. The captured women of New Mexican society also fulfilled important economic roles within the larger society, contributing especially to hide-tanning and other trading enterprises. Similarly, captives in New France worked as domestics, farm hands, dock loaders, and at other semi-skilled jobs. While both New France and New Mexican colonialists both eventually accepted the institution of slavery (with averages of five and fifteen percent for their respective slave populations), they shared an initial reluctance to engage in the practice. For the Frenchmen, slavery was an institution forbidden by their own government. Therefore, they approached any attempted slave trades with the natives with reluctance or even hostility. However, an incident involving Daniel Dulhur (in which a refusal of bartered captives resulted in a near-catastrophic isolation of Indian tribes) crystallized the importance of alliance-making captives for the French. This consideration, combined with â€Å"laborers [which were] scarce and extraordinarily expensive in Canada†(Rushforth, 801), coerced the French government to legalize Indian slave trading in the colonies. Conversely, the New Mexico colonialists were somewhat quicker to engage in slave trading as a means to â€Å"redeem indigenous captives† (Brooks, 281) and â€Å"baptize them into the Catholic faith† (Brooks, 282). They even offered captives the opportunity to become citizens after twenty years of service. Soon, New Mexico villagers would further realize the ability of slave trading to â€Å"foster mutual exchanges with a minimal loss of life† (Brooks, 292). Both societies would soon engage in trade fairs and bartering as if the practices were second nature: â€Å"two good horses and some trifles† for an â€Å"Indian girl twelve to twenty years old† (Brooks, 282). The results of EuroNative trading systems up North and down South differed markedly, with respect to both the slaves themselves and larger society. Captives in New Mexico generally boasted a much more peaceful existence than their New France counterparts. While New France slaves could do little to raise their station in life, New Mexico captives often enjoyed increases in freedom and circumstances (although they shared the stigma of coercive sexual practices with New France female captives). Many female captives, for instance, were able to eventually purchase lands from their captors. The children of said captives also enjoyed full citizenship within their societies (the â€Å"hope† counteracting the â€Å"shame† (Brooks, 296) of sexual coercion), a luxury not afforded to the mixed-bloods of New France. New France slaves were viewed more as objects (whether they were objects of trade or objects of allegiance): â€Å"Here is a little flesh we offer you† (Rushforth, 794). Meanwhile, New Mexico captives were often adopted by their captive families, securing protection and affection from their new families. In fact, many captives chose willingly to â€Å"remain in their host societies throughout their lifetimes† (Brooks, 284), even when they were afforded a chance at freedom. One captive woman even refused a one thousand dollar ransom for her return. On the other hand, New France captives were the constant subject of derogatory terms and â€Å"a life of consistent, coerced, and degraded labor† (Rushforth, 780). In a larger context, systems of slave trading brought derision and division to both New Mexico and New France, albeit with different outcomes. For its part, New Mexico slave trading intensified the caste-like division between mestizos and genizaros and espanoles. Women often feared a return to their previous homes in part due to a belief that they would be ridiculed and outcast by pure Spaniards. Class consciousness did increase in relation to the rising mestizo population, as did the relationship between New Mexico villagers and Native Americans. Santa Fe administrators blamed the rising rebelliousness of the villagers on â€Å"bad upbringing†¦. from†¦the proximity and trade of the barbarous tribes† (Brooks, 293). The emerging alliance between villagers and Native Americans peaked with a joint siege and execution of Santa Fe officials in 1837, when the natives and villagers made â€Å"the same cause†¦. and same interests† (Brooks, 294). However, the â€Å"mixed-bloods† of New Mexico soon found their unique identity and place within larger American culture. In New France, the outcome of the slave trade was more subtle, as chattel slavery gradually emerged as the new trend, thus leading to a system which â€Å"rewarded brutality with valuable goods† (Rushforth, 808). In an ironic twist, the slave system which once served as a â€Å"partial defeat of France’s power over its Indian neighbors† (Rushforth, 808) transformed into an institution where French colonialists â€Å"redirected their impulse for control and domination onto distant Indian nations† (Rushforth, 808). Why did slave trading in New Mexico have a slightly more positive outcome than in New France? For one, New Mexico tribes and societies were â€Å"enhanced by traditions of matri- lineality and social mobility† (Brooks, 287), which put the primarily female captives in a much more secure position within their new homes. The importance of women in the textile culture of the natives automatically raised the status of all women, including the captives. Even captive men could make themselves useful, performing tasks such as gun repairing and saddle-making. The New Mexico captives simply had more opportunity, â€Å"negotiating narrow fields of agency with noteworthy skill† (Brooks, 284). More importantly, the resulting generation of mixed bloods which sprung from slave trading found themselves in a unique position of power, as their manpower and negotiating capabilities proved in high demand for colonialist forces. This new generation carved a niche and an identity for themselves which endures to this day, as evidenced by the musings of one descendent: â€Å"We have relatives in the Pueblos, and out there, in Oklahoma† (Brooks, 301). Within the conflict, the New Mexicans found coexistence—a principle which New France (and its more oppressive slavery practices) could never quite accomplish. References Brooks, J. F. (1996). This evil extends especially†¦ to the feminine sex: negotiating captivity in the New Mexico borderlands. Feminist Studies 22(2), 279-301. Rushforth, B. (2003). A little flesh we offer you: the origins of Indian slavery in New France. William and Mary Quarterly 60(4), 777-808.