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An Attachment Theoretical Framework For Personality Disorders

Literature Review and Analysis In the article titled An Attachment Theoretical Framework for Personality Disorders explores how John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth’s attachment theory provides a coherent perception of â€Å"intrapsychic and interpersonal† (2013) aspects of personality disorders, such as antisocial personality disorder. Adverse attachment is often at the root of most antisocial personality disorders. This theoretical groundwork pairs breadth and parsimony to the conceptualization of Bowlby by suggesting that because of the durability of working models, attachment behavior in adolescence and adulthood is an unequivocal continuation of infant attachment behavior. Attachment beyond infancy is evaluated by using instruments, such as The Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). The AAI involves assessing the internal working models developed during earlier in life, however it does not seek to extract objective memories of past attachment connected events; instead it endeavors to assume strategies for maintaining the attachment system through the assessment of the individual’s narrative of childhood attachment experiences. The security is analyzed by the individual to determine the coherence of his or her depiction of attachment encounters and well it incorporated into specific memories for a broader understanding the parent-child relationship (Levy, Johnson, Scala, Temes, Clouthier, 2015). Problematic behavior associated with adolescent antisocial behavior correlates with theShow MoreRelatedPsychological Theories, Freudian, Object Relational, And The Main Components Of Attachment And Object Relations Theory1660 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper, the author will delineate the following developmental theories, Freudian, Object Relational, and the main components found in Attachment. The main theorists that will be addressed include, Sigmund Freud, John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth, and some work of Melanie Klein. The author will provide a detailed explanation on attachment and object relations theory and how it can be incorporated with a client who is suffering from Anorexia Nervosa and how the impact of development correlates withRead MoreFacilitating Developmental Attachment And A Treatment For Attachment Disorder989 Words   |  4 PagesFacilitating Developmental Attachment – The road to emotional recovery and behavioural change in foster and adopted children Daniel A. Hughes, A Jason Aronson Book copyright 1997, Rowman Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowmanlittlefield.com, 2004 ISBN 0-7657-0270-0 Facilitating Developmental Attachment is a book about the theory behind and a treatment for attachment disorder, focusing on children who have been fostered or adopted due toRead MoreInfant Attachment Styles and General Anxiety Disorder in Adults1373 Words   |  6 PagesInfant Attachment styles and general anxiety disorder in adults Purpose The purpose of this study is to look at the relationship between infant attachment styles and psychological wellbeing, with general anxiety as a measure of psychological wellbeing. This study will use an adult sample that will go through psychological tests to determine what attachment style each individual had when they were infants. After establishing their attachment styles their general anxiety levels will be testedRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder And Insecure Attachment2065 Words   |  9 Pages Borderline Personality Disorder and Insecure Attachment Melanie Countee Marymount University â€Æ' Abstract Borderline Personality Disorder is marked by maladaptive personality traits including chaotic interpersonal relationships, poor impulse control, and emotional instability. Theorists and clinicians have suggested that attachment based theories provide a framework to understanding and assessing BPD etiology. Links between insecure attachment along with abuse and neglect are relevant casualRead MoreBandura s Social Learning Theory And Attachment Theory1260 Words   |  6 PagesQuestions 1: Social Learning Theory and Attachment Theory Bandura’s social learning theory and Bowlby’s attachment theory. Each of these theories has similarities and distinctions regarding the mechanisms that underlie the impact of child abuse. This essay will examine these competing theories to determine which mechanisms are most strongly supported for families at high risk for child abuse and/or neglect (Begle, Dumas Hanson, 2010). Social Learning Theory Social learning theory suggests thatRead MoreThe Core Tenets Of Social Defense Theory Essay1156 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract Despite its roots in evolutionary theory, attachment theory has long split itself into two factions: adaptive and maladaptive. For years, insecure attachment has been implicated as one of the root causes for a number of psychological concerns (Dozier, Stovall-McClough, Albus, 2008). The development of social defense theory, however, provides an entirely new interpretation of attachment – that all attachment dispositions (secure, anxious, and avoidant) have access to different cognitiveRead MoreObject Relations Theory Is A Psychodynamic Theory759 Words   |  4 PagesObject Relations Theory Object relations theory is a psychodynamic theory that observes our capability to form long-lasting attachments, and is based on our early experiences of disconnection from and connections with out primary caregivers. We internalize our initial relationship examples, which means that our first relationships make lasting impressions on us, determining how we approach future relationships. Also, object relations theory studies how people form various attitudes towards othersRead MoreAn Evalution of the Attachment Theory Essay13038 Words   |  53 PagesTHE ATTACHMENT THEORY AN EVALUTION OF THE ATTACHMENT THEORY WHEN WORKING WITH CHILDREN IN CARE Gail Walters Dissertation Social Work BA (HONS) Manchester Metropolitan University Tutor: Pauline Black CONTENTS Pages Abstract Read MoreThe Role of the Environment in Personality Development of Children2968 Words   |  12 Pageschildren. It is not simply the society in which each child is born and lives but certain and identifiable parts of the society. Although every aspect of child development involves genetics, environmental factors contribute significantly in the personality development of children. Subcultures of race/ethnicity, economic status, faiths/religion, and locality/region, in addition to particular groups such as friends and family distinctly affect each child. Throughout the lifespan, people constantly confrontRead MoreTheoretical Perspectives Of Mood Disorders1976 Words   |  8 PagesTheoretical Perspectives of Mood Disorders Verses Personality Disorder With a Comparison of the Actual and Ideal Self Introduction Mood disorders and personality disorders have been around for many centuries and are often misdiagnosed due to various changing in symptoms in the individual, and criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Due to the increasing numbers in individuals suffering with these disorders there has been great discrepancies

Elizabeth Barrett Browning 2 Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Elizabeth Barrett Browning 2 Essay, Research Paper The Horror of Child Labor Over 150 old ages subsequently, the same state of affairs exists. Light was non precisely shed in the jobs of child labour in the mid-1800 s. Soon, writers like Elizabeth Barrett Browning stepped to the head and raised public consciousness for the distressing conditions child labourers were subjected to. When authorities probes into child labour revealed the rampant development of kids, Browning responded with a verse form created in understanding, taking the signifier of her 1843 verse form, The Cry of the Children. With this verse form, Browning worked to do the predicament of the immature workers known. She gave them a voice, loud and clear, where they antecedently had none. In her verse form, Browning worked to show non merely the unfairnesss dealt to the kids or the conditions they endured, instead she worked to show the feelings of desperation and obfuscation the kid labourers were enduring. The 3rd stanza from The Cry of the Children represents the exact conditions that Browning wants her audience to be horrified and touched by. Browning pigments a clean image for her audience so that they do non merely read the words, but besides visualise them. With the mental image of kids looking up with. . . picket and shriveled faces, Browning sets the phase for an emotional representation. She shows her audience images of the kids she is speaking about. Their faces are pale from the deficiency of sunshine and from undernourishment. Browning so clearly defines the culprit of the unhappiness she describes. She identifies the grey work forces, or old work forces who are rich industrialists, drawing and pressing down the cheques of babyhood. Browning takes the actual actions of the industrialists who owned these kids s lives for 12-16 hours each twenty-four hours and became affluent from their labor. Browning transforms the old work forces into kid slayers who smother the breath from the lungs of the little kids, crushing out their lives. This subject of impending decease is so carried on throughout the stanza. The immature kids speak straight to the audience, conveying their ain feelings about their labours. Their mention to your old Earth in line_____ is powerful. With merely three words, the kids are able to show the sub-standard nature of their lives. They are so lowly, and their lives so worthless, that they are non even occupants or dwellers of Earth. They take no ownership of Earth, because it, like every other freedom, has been denied to them. They have no power to have anything, so why should they even possess an Earth to populate on? The immature workers so show the audience that they have toiled and endured work, good beyond their old ages, and they reflect the effects of that age. Our immature pess. . . are really weak ; / Few gaits have [ they ] taken, yet are weary. Rather than looking as immature and unworried kids, running and playing, these workers have used their immature limbs beyond that capacity. They have been worked to the point of such exhaustion that they have lost their desire, their ability to be kids. Their pess hurt as though they are grownups returning place from work. All the more disturbing is the inordinate weariness the kids feel, after holding taken but a few gaits. These few gaits represent the little figure of old ages the kids have lived in comparing to the fatigue they are now subjected to because of the grueling work. The kids are portrayed by Browning as so exhausted by the attempts of their short lives that they are really looking frontward to their ain deceases. This want for a fleet decease, excessively, is dashed, as they know that our grave-rest is really far to seek. Browning uses this imagination of decease to arouse a feeling of horror from her audience. It is incredible that kids could even believe of deceasing, much less hope to decease. The flooring realisation of kids wanting their ain decease is followed, nevertheless, with the cognition that the kids still have a long clip to work and endure before they get to rest. Browning takes the common perceptual experience of the aged who are close to decease and transposes it onto the frame of little kids. These kids should be full of life, but alternatively they desire and even hope for their ain deceases. Browning pigments an dry image of the kids who are happy to have decease. While both appear/feel as though they are close decease, the kids inquire the aged why they weep. The sarcasm is that the kids do non cry at the idea of decease despite populating uncomplete lives, yet the grownups who live much more complete lives are shouting. This upseting credence of their ain decease, by the kids is foiled by the cryings and disquieted displayed by those aged grownups who have lived Fuller lives and now face their ain decease. Both the immatureness of the aged people in their response to decease, and their fortuitousness of their at hand decease is the position of the kids, is highlighted by the kids s reactions to and their desire for their ain deceases. From the position of the kids, the grownups are lucky to be able to decease, and the kids are covetous of that. In the concluding three lines of the stanza, Browning pigments one last barbarous image for the audience through the voices of the kids. The kids evoke an image of immature kids standing in the cold cold of world without even proper shelter. The kids stand outside, perplexing ; confused about their batch in life, yet cognizing nil different. The concluding line trickles with the same that the existent kid workers felt, implicating that the Gravess are for the old. While the kids are victims of the new industrialised economic system, the aged did non see these inhuman treatments of industrialisation. The kids resent that they don t even acquire a grave to decease in. They are being used and abused and there is no terminal in sight. Even when they desire the unthinkable, to decease, the unfair universe, won t even allow them decease. They have reached a point of desperation where their lone option for alleviation from their agony is their ain decease, and even their wants for that are denied. Browning continues The Cry of the Children, repeating the same sentiments and feelings of work and hurting for the abused kid labourers. Her verse form worked to convey recognition and the visible radiation of truth to a topic frequently ignored in her clip. Child labour issues continue to blight our society, but thanks to the work of writers like Browning, the incidences continue to diminish.

Notes On Theories Of Mass Communications Essays -

Notes On Theories Of Mass Communications Essay 1 - GSC2411 (Theories of Mass Communication unit, Monash University, Australia) This is NOT an essay - it is a collection of notes which are the foundation of an 800 word comparison of two articles regarding the place of humanities in university studies, and the roles of mass communication. Part 1 (800 words - 30%) You will be given two short readings by the end of Week 3 of the Semester. Identify the approach or approaches used in each, and with reference to the features and examples of the identified approaches as presented in Subject materials, justify your answer. Andrew Riemer's article, Cannon or Fodder? (The Weekend Australian, 16-17 November 1996) can be identified as having both Idealist and Leavisite approaches within the text. This is indicated in several passages of the text: My colleagues in the Department of English were irresponsible?They were trivialising the discipline?by allowing undergraduates to sidestep the so-called canonical writers?in favour of whatever transient phenomenon or writer of small talent happened to be their latest obsession. They were reprehensible ? in encouraging their students to impose simple sub-Marxist, sub-feminist templates on complex and mysterious works of literature ? Milton's Eve reduced to a mere victim of the patriarchy. Alluring though it might be, we cannot recover intellectual integrity by turning back the clock. Cannon or Fodder? (The Weekend Australian, 16-17 November 1996) When looking at the approaches as they are presented in the Subject Materials, one is able to identify them as clearly being both Idealistic and Leavisite. Our Subject Book indicates that the Idealistic view of culture has been conceived in the humanities and in journalism and popular social commentary ? a realm of moral, spiritual and aesthetic values which exist largely independent and above society. Further, this view states Culture was isolated from society - autonomous because it had to be abstracted from one way of life (pre-industrial) and then transmitted and extended to another (allegedly inferior) way of life to 'save' that society. The Leavisite concept of culture is still common and is firmly bound up in the theory of mass society and mass culture. Mass communications are seen to hold a crucial and privileged place in mass society, taking over the role of creating and distributing the values and information common to a society. Mass culture, unlike high culture, is unable to transcend its time and place and offer any kind of lasting truth to its audiences and, at worst, positively damages them. Critics of Leavis have questioned the narrowing of 'culture' to literature. ?idealist concept of culture, synonymous with 'high' culture, it carries with it its implied opposite - the denigrated 'mass' culture. ?a central assumption of the approach is that there exists a natural hierarchy of high culture and mass culture. This is how the idealist approach deals with differences. Media vs. Humanities Simon During The Australian Identified approaches: materialist/Frankfurt School The mainstream perception ? is that universities produce and teach truth through research ? while the media produce and communicate quickly consumable information and opinion. The weird, ill-judged consensus that the culture is dumbing down, which the media itself has helped to forge, is an important expression of this belief assuming as it does that the media breeds stupidity. ?the notion that the media is shallow and deals in opinion while the universities deal in depth and truth is misguided (though by no means simply false). The media are in unacknowledged competition with the humanities. ?in the interest of truth rather than ideology, they have also undercut the western classics claim on transcendental value to which the mainstream still genuflects. The humanities' old ethical project has been marginalised first by the democratisation of cultural and media consumption, second by the commercialisation of leisure pursuits, and last, by the segmentation of culture into market niches. Reader The central materialist assumption is that it is the material conditions of physical, historical and social being or existence which determine what counts as consciousness. Marx and Engels argued ? that social problems were political and needed solutions that put social interests ahead of private interests. in direct opposition to idealism The Frankfurt School's critical theory, as it is known, consisted of investigations into sociology, ideology and philosophy in which their aim was a Marxist analysis of contemporary society.

Motivation Profiles Paper

Motivation Profiles Paper Motivation is a set of factors that activate, direct, and maintain behavior, usually, toward a goal (Carpenter Huffman, 2010). Thus, motivation is a moving force that activates human behavior and directs it to the achievement of a certain purpose. There are three major theories of motivation that explain the forms that motivation can take and the sources of different types of motivation. In this paper, we are going to compare the differences between four hypothetical individuals who want to obtain a promotion at their place of employment.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Motivation Profiles Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first one is Ella, whose motivation can be accounted by a biological theory of motivation. The second one is Marcello, whose actions and behavior coincide with the psychosocial theory of motivation, and the third one is Masoko, whose actions are characterized by an interactionist the ory of motivation. At the end, we are going to analyze the sources of motivation of the fourth individual Sam, who has a realistic combination of motivating theories, which give rise to various factors inspiring him to pursue a promotion. Finally, we will explain how the factors of each motivation theory might interact with each other. Thus, the first question under consideration is the sources of motivation for Ella, Marcello and Masoko. Ella is characterized by a biological theory of motivation: This biological theory of motivation (The Intuition Theory), suggests that motivation levels are regulated by neural pattern recognition events. Subconscious drives impel people to achieve excellence, or to spend exceptional energies on services to humanity† (Thomas). In other words, the biological motivation is based on our basic needs such as food, for example. Thus, the Ella’s motivation is caused by her will to survive. It is quite possible that her motivation is triggered by the fear of poverty and inability to support her family. According to the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (motives), Ella’s sources of motivation are the bottom of the pyramid. Marcello’s behavior is characterized by the psychological theory of motivation which can be explained by incentives and cognition. â€Å"Incentive theory holds that external stimulation motivates people to act to obtain desirable goals to avoid undesirable events† (Carpenter Huffman, 2010). According to a cognition theory, the motivation is affected by how we interpret our achievements. In this light, the source of Marcello’s motivation may be his esteem needs to achieve success and gain approval among his relatives, friends or fellow workers.Advertising Looking for term paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Perhaps, he was the best students in the class, and now he cannot let himself to be co nsidered unsuccessful. Thus, the sources of his motivation are external factors (everybody considers his successful) that influence his psychological state and encourage acting in a particular way to prove that he is worth his status. Finally, Masoko is associated with the interactionist theory of motivation. This theory presupposes that one’s behavior and actions are shaped by social interactions and everything that happens in the society. Thus, we can come to a conclusion that Masoko’s desire for promotion was shaped by the social opinion that â€Å"if one wants to be a part of a society, he/she should take an advance position and achieve new goals†. Thus, Masoko considers that promotion is necessary and it is his social duty. Consequently, different educational background, personal peculiarities, social level, psychological characteristics formed in childhood and goals in life shaped the main sources of motivation for those people. Ella’s sources of mo tivation are psychological and mixed with basic instincts. Marcello’s sources of motivation are psychological and partially social which come from his childhood and educational background as well. Finally, Masoko’s sources of motivation are purely social; they are shaped by his desire to be an active participant of the social development. And prove his ability to make a valuable contribution to society through his social status. Different emotions serve as motivators for individuals: Emotions occur as a result of an interaction between perception of environmental stimuli, neural/hormonal responses to these perceptions (often labeled feelings), and subjective cognitive labeling of these feelings (Huitt, 2001). However, emotions can reinforce the motivation. Thus, Ella, Marcello and Masoko experienced different emotions affecting their motivations. According to Carpenter Huffman (2010), â€Å"psychologists define and study emotion according to three basic components â €“ psychological, cognitive and behavior†.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Motivation Profiles Paper specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, Ella’s emotion is fear of losing job and not being able to support basic survival needs. Marcello’s emotions are based on cognitive components. As a result, he anticipates getting the promotion to feel satisfaction with his position. Masoko’s emotions are based on behavior component, as he tries to behave according to social norms and get a promotion to perform his social responsibility. Depending on the sources of motivation, Ella, Marcelo and Masoko will put forth different types of effort. Thus, Ella might show her persistence to demonstrate that she is capable to make any amount of job. Marcello might show his intellectual dominancy comparing with other candidates, and Masaco might demonstrate his organization and leadership qualities to s how that he can be valuable part of society. These differences in the efforts are explained by the personal motivations and psychological characteristics of every candidate. Another individual is Sam. He has a realistic combination of motivating theories, which give rise to various factors inspiring him to pursue a promotion. In this light, seeking for promotion, he is guided by biological, psychological and interactionist components. So, he seeks promotion to have an appropriate level of living, realize his mental capacity and elevate his social level. None of the components is dominant, thus, he will be more conscious on the emotional level and work out better strategy to achieve his goal. The Sam’s effort will be more effective and he will demonstrate different talents and abilities applicable to the desirable position. In fact, factors of each motivation do not go separately but interact with each other. However, some of the factors can dominate depending on the situation , current needs and even age and sex of the applicants. For example, the one, who does not have a need to support family and does not experience the money shortage, can be motivated by psychological need of self-realization. At the same time, the one who lack money will be probably guided by biological motivation. Analyzing everything mentioned above, we can come to a conclusion that in different situation people can be motivated by different factors. The sources of motivation can be formed under the influence of various factors, such as educational background, events that happened in the childhood, peculiarities of the social environment, etc. The motivational factors always interact with each other and influence our emotions (and vice versa) and the types of efforts we apply to achieve our goals. List of References Carpenter, S., Huffman, K. (2010). Visualizing psychology, 2nd Ed. New York: John Wiley Sons.Advertising Looking for term paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Huitt, W. (2001). Motivation to learn: An overview. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved from edpsycinteractive.org/topics/motivation/motivate.html Thomas, E. A biological theory of motivation. Effective mind control. Web.

Non-Profit Organizations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Non-Profit Organizations - Assignment Example Different types of shares such as equity shares and preference shares may be issued to accumulate the initial capital needed for the creation of the company. Microsoft and Apple are two major publicly-traded companies in the United States. After choosing the type of business (limited-liability company or partnership), the firm’s name should be registered with the local/state government. Then the business concern should acquire the federal tax ID and register with the state revenue agency. Ernst & Young and Deloitte are two non-publicly-traded companies in the US. American Red Cross was established by Clara Barton in 1881after organizing a meeting of 15 people. Currently, the organization has no subsidiaries. The organization invests in marketing campaigns as part of its fundraising efforts. This nonprofit organization acquired $3.4billion and $3.5 billion in revenues for the fiscal years 2013 and 2014 respectively. While analyzing the recent annual reports of the American Red Cross, it seems that the organization maintains a healthy financial status. Amnesty International was founded by Peter Benenson in 1961. It has no subsidiaries. The organization also invests in marketing initiatives in an attempt to raise a sufficient amount of donations. For the fiscal years, 2013 Amnesty International gained revenues of  £24.8m. As the organization has access to potential sources of finance, its financial position is very strong. Microsoft was founded in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. Microsoft has hundreds of subsidiary businesses, and some major subsidiaries include Microsoft Global Finance, Microsoft General Management Company, Microsoft Licensing, and Microsoft PF Holdings. Microsoft’s revenues rose from US$77.85 billion in 2013 to US$86.83 in 2014 although the company’s growth declined in 2014 compared to the previous fiscal year (â€Å"Microsofts global revenue 2002 to 2014†).

Analysis of Note on Deconstructing the Popular by Stuart Hall Essay

Analysis of Note on Deconstructing the Popular by Stuart Hall - Essay Example In 1980 he wrote an article and proposed the encoding decoding model in reference to media messages. This model helps us understand how cultural texts are produced and transmitted by the industry. He has also contributed to the discussion on hegemony. Stuart defines popular culture as all those things that people do or have, Stuart starts his discussion by discussing periodisation, periodisation is the attempt to divide time in discrete new blocks, popular culture can be dated back in the agrarian society to the industrial society therefore the study of popular culture can be studied in different periods. He says that in the period 1880-1920 there was an increased interest in the study of popular culture. In 1930s this study declined and this was the time there was a decline in Chartism. In his discussion of periodisation he argues that the proper periodisation of popular culture is the profound transformation which was in 1880s and 1920s, this period was a period of deep structural changes. Social change can be defined as the alterations that occur in social system which occur in both the structure and the functions; causes of social change include advancement in technology, ideology, conflict and growth in population. Stuart acknowledges the existence of social change, he says that in the beginning of the 20th century there was the development of a working class audience and this as a result led to the development of a commercial press. In this period there was also the development of new technologies, distribution process and labour processes and this led to a change in the relationship between the dominant and the dominated classes. Stuart says that there has been a struggle over the forms of culture and way of life of the popular class which is evident in this periods of history, conflict is one source of change and according to Stuart the struggle has caused cultural changes, throughout the ages there has been active destruction of particular ways of life and this can be viewed as cultural change. This changes include honour to certain people in the society, He says that magistrates and police were in the past being accorded honour in the past than they are in the present he also argues that people in the present time understand struggle and resistant more than they understand reform and transformation, transformation is the key cause of the process of moralization and demoralization of the people. In his discussion on popular culture, popularity means manipulation and debasements of the culture of the people, people who consume the popular cultures changes them or are put in a state of false consciousness. These means that popular culture plays a major role in shaping peoples culture, the proposed culture provides an alternative culture and this means that the culture industry has the power to reshape what they create. He also says that cultural domination has an effect on people's culture, there is a continuous struggle by the dominant culture to reorganise popular culture and there are cases of resistance and acceptance. Cultural resistance involves cultural struggle which takes many forms. Cultural struggle takes the form of incorporation, distortion, resistance, negotiation and recuperation, this struggle continues to exist. The existence of